Tackling Obesity at a Global Level

Tackling Obesity at a Global Level Shirley PANG Obesity has become increasingly recognized as a serious health issue and has aroused public concern. World-wide, 475 million adults and 200 million teenagers are currently struggling with obesity (World Obesity Federation, 2014). The majority are in America and Europe (Ibid). This phenomenon results from diet imbalance due to over-consumption of calories and lack of exercise. Not only are people suffering from several types of disease such as heart problems and high blood pressure (World Obesity Federation, 2014), but also are being suffering discrimination by society as abnormal. The prevalence of obesity has been rising extensively and constantly in UK over the past two decades (Public Health England, 2014). Currently, 67% of males and 57% of women suffer from obesity or are overweight (Tran, 2014). Obesity is not just destructive and antagonizing to patients’ own physical health, but also a heavy burden to the government and the whole economy. This essay will examine the ca use of obesity and drawbacks of unsatisfactory levels of obesity. The conclusion of the paper present various strategies used in Denmark and UK to reduce the levels of obesity. Firstly, wholesome foods such as organic vegetables and vitamins are getting more expensive than ever and have become relatively expensive for citizens. For example, the cost of fruit and vegetables rose markedly by 17% in 1997 and 2003 (DeFusco, 2014). Obviously, non-nutritious foods such as canned foods and processed foods are cheaper, which provides an incentive for customers to purchase them. (Harvard School of Public Health, n.d.). As a result, unwholesome food trades a bigger market than fresh food. Low-income families tend to spend more on bargain groceries, and having a higher consumption rate of junk food in households induces a high obesity rate (Yale Rudd Centre, n.d.) The different structures of price greatly impact chronic obesity, which is why governments seek to implement a fat tax to prohibit such a situation. Secondly, moving to another cause of obesity. Continuing physical activity delivers the benefit of burning calories. Without a doubt, people are contributing less and less of their time to exercise that maintains a healthy lifestyle. This globalization of this circumstance commonly occurs because of shifts in economic development and modern technology (Harvard School of Public Health, n.d.). In the United Kingdom, people are less active as result their desire to own a vehicle instead of walking or cycling (Ibid). Frequently diet or eating high calorie foods, especially sugars and fats, which gradually accumulate in the body without regular physical exertion (NHS Choices, 2014). As a consequence, there has been a modest increase in mortality. It is compelling that insufficient physical activity is a crucial explanation for the growth in obesity. Obesity is considered as a potential threat to life expectancy. Heart disease is the main cause of fatalities, killing 598,000 people annually (FOX, 2013). Heart disease is followed by cancer, which causes 575,000 deaths annually (Ibid). Cardiovascular diseases are come from overweight (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Officially, the expected longevity for a female is 81 years, while for a male it is 76.2 years (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The measure of body mass index (BMI) is a tool for assessing the appropriate level of weight (NHS Choices, 2014). Researchers investigated the effect of body mass index on life span. A BMI of 30-35 kg/m2, which is regarded as modest obesity, causes a loss of 3 years of lifetime (University of Oxford, 2009). A BMI with 40-50kg/m2, which is considered as morbid obesity, causes a decrease in lifetime of 8 to 10 years (Ibid). Thus, the greater BMI value, the higher the likelihood that people will be afflicted w ith various types of disease. It is noteworthy that obesity both maximizes the risk of death and minimizes the quantity of life. We will now consider the negative connection in between obesity and income. Obese employees have diminished job prospects and fewer opportunities for promotion. Theoretically, wage is determined by how much a worker contributes to a company (Cawley, 2011). For example, not only does obesity contribute to limited productivity, which leads to reduced company profit, but it also increases the likelihood of diseases, leading to workers frequently applying for sick leave with a higher cost for health insurance (Havard School of Public Health, 2012). Therefore, an obese worker produces less output and reduces company profit, causing that employer to avoid hiring or promoting obese workers. Food and beverages plays a vital role in declining obesity rates because of the calories that they contain a huge energy. The UK government has reported that excess calories are the result of sugar (Public Health England, 2014). Therefore, The UK department of Health declared a â€Å"Calorie reduction pledge† would be implemented. These days, 39 food companies have given support and signed an agreement agreeing to reduce sugar and calories in soft drinks (Department of Health, 2014). Coca-Cola is a large-scale manufacturer retailing a wide variety of drinks. Apart from reducing calories in carbonated drinks, Coca-Cola is also providing a detailed accounting of the calories in their drinks and providing easily understood nutrition labeling on their improved products. To illustrate, cola without sugar and calories accounted for 42 % of beverages sold (Department of Health, 2014).The producer has encouraged their retail merchants to purchase Diet Coke and Coca‑Cola Zero be cause these drinks are without calories and sugar (Coca-Cola, n.d.). Apparently, the motivation is to assist their customers to improve their lifestyle though promotion of healthy beverages. Without enforcement of legislation, advertising continuously promotes unwholesome food products. Advertising has been recognized as a highly effective medium for communication, and for selling products to particular targets, particularly aimed at obese people and children (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh and Merchant, 2005). Research has verified that 10% of advertisements promote confectionary or fast food chain restaurants such as KFC or McDonalds during family time (BBC News, 2014). Children and obese people are powerfully susceptible to choosing foods as a result of broadcast stations which promote a variety of food and beverage and large scale convenience food restaurants. Meanwhile, they prefer eating morsels of photo chips, and snacks with carbonated drinks instead of food with good nourishment. Therefore, the advertising legislation was officially announced starting from April 2007 by the regulator, Office of Communications. Ofcom analyzed the outcome and efficiency of the scheme by c ontrasting 2005 and 2008. They found that children watched advertisement with unhealthy foods 41% less (Department of Health, 2012). With unhealthy products sharply dismissed from advertising, children watching advertising fell by 25% (Office of Communications, 2010). These data indicated a considerable reduction of opportunities to view harmful advertising. Food advertisement is a form of marketing skill, providing a variety of information and affecting food choices and the preferences of viewers. A corporation mostly seeks to earn profits and attain turnover. Hence, rigid rules and regulation on advertising have decreased purchases of fast food. Physical activity reduces the cost of obesity and improves economic effectiveness. A study has recommended that an adult should exercise for 2.5 hours weekly while an adolescent and youngster should spend more than 7 hours per week exercising, on average. (World Health Organization, 2010). The unexpected outcome was that merely 27.1% of high school students actually allocate 60 minutes for a daily exercise (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The survey indicated that less than 48% of adults fulfilled the requirement(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The imposition of taxes is a global strategy used to reduce the prevalence of obesity by shifting food choice to away from the consumption of unhealthy and fatty foods. In fact, taxing is not only implemented to curb obesity, it is used to improve the average life experience by reducing heath disease and other serious illnesses (Kaplan, 2013). Denmark as an example, being the first European country to apply a surcharge on high saturated foods. The surcharges were applied to foods containing more than 2.3% of saturated fats, butter, meat and Danish pastries (Channel 4 News, 2011). Prices increased sharply by 14% for oils and fats, 4% for meats and 3% for milk (Petkantchin, 2013).In addition, healthier foods are taxed favorably versus junk foods which are taxed heavily, making them costly. As a result of, consumers lowered their demand for butter, cream and cheese by almost 7% (Snowdon, 2013). Not all the consumers could suffer the increase in the price, especially for those needy peop le. For public of the view, perspective of tax collecting was pessimistic although markup the price to regulated consumer purchase fatty food. The public was displeased about the increased prices due to taxation however the tax was successful at reducing the consumption of fatty foods. Bibliography BBC News, (2014).Ban TV junk food ads until 21:00, say campaigners. [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-26665952 [Accessed 7 Jul. 2014]. Cawley, J. (2011).The Obesity Wage Penalty. [Online] The New York Times. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/11/28/should-legislation-protect-obese-people/the-obesity-wage-penalty [Accessed 29 Jul. 2014]. Coca-Cola, (n.d.).Coca-Cola Enterprises : Product Portfolio. [Online] Available at: https://www.cokecce.com/corporate-responsibility-sustainability/product-portfolio [Accessed 7 Jul. 2014]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).Facts about Physical Activity. [Online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/facts.html [Accessed 28 Jul. 2014]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).Physical Activity Adolescent and School Health. [Online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/physicalactivity/facts.htm [Accessed 28 Jul. 2014]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2014).FastStats How Healthy Are We. [Online] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/healthy.htm [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. DeFusco, D. (2014).High Cost of Fruits, Vegetables Linked to Higher Body Fat in Young Children | News | School of Public Affairs | American University. [Online] American University, School of public affair. Available at: http://www.american.edu/spa/news/fruits-vegetables-children-study.cfm [Accessed 3 Jul. 2014]. Dehghan, M., Akhtar-Danesh, N. and Merchant, A. (2005). Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention.Nutrition journal, [online] 4(1), p.4. Available at: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24#sec3 [Accessed 27 Jun. 2014]. Department of Health, (2014).Responsibility Deal annual updates 2013/14 published today. [Online] Available at: https://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/responsibility-deal-annual-updates-201314-published-today/ [Accessed 6 Jul. 2014]. Harvard School of Public Health, (n.d.).Physical Activity. [Online] Harvard School of Public Health. Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/physical-activity-and-obesity/#references [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014]. Harvard School of Public Health, (2012).Economic Costs. [Online] Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-consequences/economic/#references [Accessed 29 Jul. 2014]. Mayhew, L. (2009).The impact of obesity on life expectancy. [Online] Cass Business School. Available at: http://www.cass.city.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2009/april2/the-impact-of-obesity-on-life-expectancy [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. NHS Choices, (2014).Whats your BMI? [Online] NHS Choices. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/BodyMassIndex.aspx [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. NHS Choices, (2014).Causes of obesity. [Online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. Public Health England, (2014).About Obesity [Online] Available at: http://www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity [Accessed 25 Jun. 2014]. Tran, M. (2014).Cadbury makes anti-obesity pledge with cap on chocolate bar calories. [Online] Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/03/cadbury-anti-obesity-pledge-cap-chocolate-calories-mondelez [Accessed 7 Jul. 2014]. West Virginia Health Statistic Center, (n.d.).Section One Continued OBESITY AND MORTALITY. [Online] West Virginia Health Statistic Center. Available at: http://www.wvdhhr.org/bph/oehp/obesity/mortality.htm [Accessed 30 Jul. 2014]. Worldobesity.org, (2014).World Obesity Federation about Obesity. [Online] Available at: http://www.worldobesity.org/aboutobesity/ [Accessed 25 Jun. 2014]. World Health Organization, (2010).Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. 1st ed. [eBook] World Health Organization, p.8. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599979_eng.pdf [Accessed 28 Jul. 2014]. Yale Rudd Centre, (n.d.).Rudd Center for Food Policy Obesity — What We Do — Economics — Topics: Food Prices. [online] Yaleruddcenter.org. Available at: http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/what_we_do.aspx?id=85 [Accessed 3 Jul. 2014]. University of Oxford, (2009).Moderate obesity takes years off life expectancy. [Online] University of Oxford. Available at: http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2009/090317.html [Accessed 31 Jul. 2014]. Chan, K., Prendergast, G., Grà ¸nhà ¸j, A. and Bech-Larsen, T. (2011).Danish and Chinese adolescents’ perceptions of healthy eating and attitudes toward regulatory measures. 3rd ed. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, p.219 Channel 4 News, (2011).Denmark introduces fat tax on food. [Online] Available at: http://www.channel4.com/news/denmark-introduces-fat-tax-on-food [Accessed 26 Jun. 2014]. Office of Communications, (2004).Childhood Obesity à ± Food Advertising in Context. 1st ed. [eBook] Office of Communications, p.13. Available at: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/tv-research/report2.pdf [Accessed 26 Jun. 2014] National obesity observatory, (no date).TV viewing and obesity in children and young people. [eBook] Available at: http://www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_15867_TV_viewing.pdf [Accessed 27 Jun. 2014]. Department of Health, (2012).An update on the government’s approach to tackling obesity. [eBook] National Audit Office, p.25. Available at: http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/tackling_obesity_update.pdf [Accessed 27 Jun. 2014]. Office of Communications, (2010).HFSS advertising restrictions. 1st ed. [eBook] Office of Communications, pp.2-3. Available at: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/tv-research/hfss-review-final.pdf [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014] Benson, B., Ferris, A., Eberle, M. and Huntington, C. (2008).The Economic Impact of Prevention. 1st ed. [ebook] University of Connecticut, p.i. Available at: www.publichealth.uconn.edu/assets/economicimpact_06_25_08_final.pdf [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014]. NHS, (n.d.).Obesity Causes NHS Choices. [Online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obesity/Pages/Causes.aspx [Accessed 28 Jun. 2014]. Stanford Hospital Clinics, (n.d.).What Causes Obesity?. [Online] Available at: http://stanfordhospital.org/clinicsmedServices/COE/surgicalServices/generalSurgery/bariatricsurgery/obesity/causes.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2014]. Harvard School of Public Health, (2013).Eating healthy vs. unhealthy diet costs about $1.50 more per day. [online] Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/healthy-vs-unhealthy-diet-costs-1-50-more/ [Accessed 1 Jul. 2014]. Kaplan, K. (2013).Denmark aims to improve health with. [online] Los Angeles Times Articles. Available at: http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/03/news/la-heb-fat-tax-denmark-20111013 [Accessed 2 Jul. 2014]. Petkantchin, V. (2013).Nutritiontaxes:thecostsofDenmarksfattax. [ebook] Institutà ©conomiqueMolinari, p.3. Available at: http://www.institutmolinari.org/IMG/pdf/note0513_en.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2014]. Snowdon, C. (2013).The Proof of the Pudding: Denmarks fat tax fiasco. 1st ed.[ebook] The Institute of Economics Affairs, p.20. Available at: http://www.nzjba.org.nz/myfiles/The_Proof_of_the_Pudding.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2014]. European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2013. Physical Education and Sport at School in Europe Eurydice Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. P.1

Cultural Globalization Essay

Indeed, the world gets smaller by the minute. Not literally though, but figuratively. It seems smaller because the people are able to interact with each other, ignoring the limitations of time and distance. In the advent of science and technology, people are able to bridge the gap of our geographical differences and unite everyone through interactions of interconnections of the modern age. Man is not anymore limited by the physical world he lives in. No one is alone anymore, as people get closer to others with the advancements in travel, telecommunications, and a lot more. This breakthrough has led to other concepts and ideas, and one of this is cultural globalization: ideas, attitudes, and values exchanged in permeable national borders leads to the interaction and interconnection of people from different cultures and different walks of life. In order to understand the concept of cultural globalization further, we need to look at its components separately. Culture and globalization are different topics with different meanings. Culture is defined as a set of shared attributes such as attitudes, values, practices, and goals of a certain group or organization. We understand that every nation of the world possesses unique culture that sets them apart from others. Within these nations, there are cultures, subcultures, and other cultures that thrive, collectively giving that certain nation a unique identity (Dyczewski, 2003). Globalization on the other hand, is said to be the growing integration of various economies and societies all over the world into one global economy or society. It was Marshall McLuhan who had the first idea regarding this concept, previously calling it a global village, wherein nations are able to connect and interact with each other, and is characterized by the instantaneous exchange of ideas all over the world. Globalization integrates the practices which were previously limited to a certain specific country or nation. Having separately defined culture and globalization, we put them together into a single concept, which is cultural globalization. It is defined as the rapid traversing of various ideas, concepts, values, attitudes and perception across different nations. This results to a sharing of ideas between these nations, and the result of this is the interconnection and interaction of each and every nation. It is said that the tools used for the proliferation of the concept of cultural globalization are the mass media and communication technologies. It was through this that it was possible to know what’s happening in other sides of the world, thus promoting awareness not only of their own nation but of others. Several authors have different takes about the topic. One author, Leon Dyczewski, offers the argument that globalization can bring about the annihilation and destruction of ethnic and national cultures, so the relationship between the two is more of a destructive rather than constructive. Basing on this, we can say that the authors means to tell us that as our own cultures become more and more permeable because of globalization, it slowly disintegrates in order to accommodate the emerging idea of cultural globalization. Another point being raised is that there is an emergence of a uniform and pluralistic world. The different components of the world that becomes open to globalization would then conform to a globalized standard of everything. It limits the people’s creativity and uniqueness, in order to achieve a globalized nation. One the other hand, globalization introduces the individuals to a wider world, other that what they got used to growing up. Cultural globalization, in the eyes of the author, is not really about the destruction of small scale nations, ethnic groups, or even the local communities. Instead, cultural globalization offers some sort of unity to the people, effectively leading them to a global society that would let them maintain cultural identity, as well as develop it from time to time. On the other hand, there are those who offer an alternative perspective of the issue. Authors Breidenbach and Zukrigl explain that cultural globalization causes cultural homogenization. Cultural globalization results to a creation of a culture that would encompass its entire component, creating the â€Å"main† culture to be adhered to. Cultural globalization simply narrows down the differences between everyone, possibly creating a much more productive environment (Breidenbach & Zukrigl, 1998). One criticism being slapped to cultural globalization is that it leans towards western ideology and other practices. It was more like adapting to the greatest influence, which in the case of cultural globalization, is the United States of America. What seemed to be an interrelated link of people all over the world became an alternative reason to be like western countries. It is also called as a McDonaldization effort by some, who clearly opposes the concept and idea. Elements of the west, just like McDonalds becomes an icon of cultural globalization, References: Breidenbach, J. , & Zukrigl, I. (1998). The Dynamics of Cultural Globalization. The myths of cultural globalization. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from http://www. inst. at/studies/collab/breidenb. htm Dyczewski, L. (2003). The National and Ethnic Cultures in a Globalizing World. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from http://www. crvp. org/conf/Istanbul/abstracts/dyczewski. htm

Philosophy Essay Samples Children Consent with Parents Obtaining Birthcontr Tips

Philosophy Essay Samples Children Consent with Parents Obtaining Birthcontr Tips Philosophy Essay Samples Children Consent with Parents Obtaining Birthcontr - Dead or Alive? In the majority of states, there are specific medical conditions and treatments for which minors do not need parental consent. Oral preventives supply no protection from sexually transmitted diseases like HIV. In the latter event, you want the subject's consent to get hold of them later. How to acquire birth control without a physician's visit. Women have a lot of choices to select from, when they would like to avoid pregnancy. Pills must be taken once per day to work. They must be taken ever day. Some pills work for sure women but don't get the job done for other ladies. Thirdly, failure to use birth control results in overpopulation, which will probably pose a danger to the peace of earth. Abortion isn't right and unjust housands of women around the world obtain abortions annually. Some sorts of contraception do have side effects which damage health even though others haven't been demonstrated to get health risks. Birth control enables women to attain education and career targets, benefiting their families and society. Last, in an emergency situation, consent might not be essential to assess, stabilize, and transfer a minor in case of a health emergency. Your physician can help pick the option that's right for you. There are many benefits using thebirth control pill as a way of female contraception. Today lots of the birth control options prove safe, dependable and effective. For women who have decided they need to have children after taking birth control pills for some moment, it is sometimes a lengthy procedure to achieve this objective. For the time being, however, teenagers that are still living at home and aren't covered by a particular state statute might need to keep pressing their parents or simply just wait. 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Oral contraceptives supply no protection from sexually transmit ted diseases like HIV. This injectable contraceptive comprises a synthetic variant of the hormone progesterone and is given four times per year. The Philosophy Essay Samples Children Consent with Parents Obtaining Birthcontr Game Contacting such folks may be costly, even impossible occasionally. Once in a while, they have irregular periods or no periods at all, which can last for up to 6 months. Today, women have an assortment of birth control which they can choose. Lots of people on the pill want to have kids as soon as the time is proper. The Upside to Philosophy Essay Samples Children Consent with Parents Obtaining Birthcontr Technology has made it feasible for both genders to take part in birth control. The fertility awareness methods offer you another option for ladies. Kinds of contraceptive approaches. Conventional birth control procedures. The Most Popular Philosophy Essay Samples Children Consent with Parents Obtaining Birthcontr Smoking and other lifestyle hab its can also lessen their effectiveness. Consequently, birth control is the sole method to resolve the issue of overpopulation. If you don't sleep well, you're interrupting the process to keep up your overall wellness. The message kids may get from this type of treatment is they're the ones in charge of their happiness, and that they ought to have the ability to repair their own mistakes. Philosophy Essay Samples Children Consent with Parents Obtaining Birthcontr - Dead or Alive? The factors for having an abortion change from woman to woman. Remember, however, that the only type of birth control that could protect against STDs is condoms. The male condom doesn't need a prescription to buy, it can be purchased at any local drug store. Fortunately, pill packs are small in regards to the extent of a compact mirror so it's possible to carry your pills with you wherever you go. To begin with, that food is essential to the presence of man. Based on the place you live, it is possible to even get birth control pills online. One of the excellent things about the birth control pill is that can get pregnant right after you quit taking it. Using NFL jerseys is extremely common. One of the excellent things about the birth control patch is that can get pregnant soon after you quit using it. Locating a cheap NFL jersey has been a daunting job for a number of the hardcore fans regardless of the team they support for. For instance, if you're searching for a practice that's open to some alternative things, ensure that's accepted before you go. Not merely in the home, but in the schools too, it's extremely important to keep a good hygiene condition. I feel as though they take the entire person into consideration, as part of their training. The issue isn't education. Of course, it is always in the details.

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